Vietnam’s next phase of foreign investment will be judged not only by the capital committed, but by the capabilities created: productive infrastructure, skilled workers, local suppliers and technology. Resolution 10-NQ/TW calls for investment to be organised around industry clusters, value chains and innovation ecosystems, with public support linked more closely to delivered outcomes. What would that model look like across industrial parks, commercial districts, integrated townships and pharmaceutical manufacturing? Can land, energy, digital infrastructure, housing and urban services be planned as one system to support higher-value production? How should foreign investors and Vietnamese partners transfer know-how, develop suppliers and build capabilities that last beyond a single project? And which measurable results should determine whether FDI is truly adding value in Vietnam?